New Approach of Transdermal Drug Delivery: Sonophoresis

Abstract

The stratum corneum serves as a barrier that limits the penetration of substances to the skin. Application of ultrasound to the skin increases its permeability (sonophoresis) and enables the delivery of various substances through and into the skin. Various studies have been conducted on ultrasonic penetration in transdermal drug delivery, focusing on parameter optimization, delivery mechanism, transport pathways and delivery of multiple drugs. Cavitation effect is the main mechanism responsible for drug delivery. The studies on sonophoresis was discussed, including the latest trends, the delivery of drugs, the pathways and mechanisms of sonophoresis, and the outlook for future research.